El cultivo de los moluscos

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Quelques remarques sur les diagrammes T/S mensuels des eaux superficielles des parcs ostréicoles de l'Espagne, la France et Japon

9 páginas, 3 figuras, 1 tabla.-- Seminario Interdisciplinar de Acuicultura Marina, Vigo (España), 18 al 21 de septiembre, 1973II y a quelques années KORRINGA (1956) a consideré la question de la température par rapport a, la ponte de I'huitre plate européenne (Ostrea edulis L.) et il a fait la comparaison entre les valeurs de température nécessaires pour que I'huitre plate vérifie la ponte a I'Oosterschelde avec celles nécessaires en Angleterre (Essex), France (Morbihan, Arcachon), ltalie (Lac de Fusaro, Tarento) et la Yugoslavie (Bistrini), et il a trouvé une certaine concordance. Mais quant il voit qu'en Espagne ANDRÉU (1955) obtient de bonne fixations au mois de novembre (188 individus par tuile) avec des températures de I'eau de 13-14ºC, il en conclut que “la température de ponte n'est pas une constante physiologique pour I'espece Ostrea edulis dans son ensemble”. [...]Peer reviewe

Moving rom Histopathology to Molecular Tools in the Diagnosis of Molluscs Diseases of Concern under EU Legislation

10 páginas, 2 tablas.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these termsOne of the main factors limiting molluscs production is the presence of pathogens and diseases. Disease agent transfer via transfers of live molluscs has been a major cause of disease outbreaks and epizootics. Because of that, the European Union has adopted several decisions and directives, the last in 2006 (2006/88/EC) to control movements of marine organisms over the European countries. Once the disease is established in a determined area its eradication is a complicated task because life cycle of pathogens are not completely known and only a good and early diagnosis of the disease could be the most appropriate way to deal with it. Besides, molluscs do not have an adaptive immune response and vaccination strategies are not possible. Molluscs listed diseases under EU legislation are mainly protozoan parasites, that's why histological techniques are recognized for their diagnosis. However, molecular techniques are being increasingly used primarily as confirmatory techniques of the presence of the pathogens but also in disease monitoring programs. Research perspectives are mainly focussed in the optimization, of the already described techniques to gain in sensitivity and sensibility and in the development of new molecular biology techniques (quantitative real time PCRs), that are faster and easier to apply and that allow a positive diagnosis even in early stages of infection. However, molecular tools detect DNA sequences of the pathogen which does not imply that pathogen is viable in the cell host and the infection is established. Consequently, it needs to be validated against other techniques, such as histology or in situ hybridization, so that its reliability can be determinedAuthors want to thanks the Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentacion y Medio Ambiente, to CSIC (project 201640E024) and to Ministerio de Economía y competitividad (project AGL2015-65705-R) for their financial supportPeer reviewe

In vitro culture of Perkinsus atlanticus, a parasite of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus

8 pages, 8 figures.The ability to mass-culture parasites in vitro facilitates biological, metabolic and morphological research that would otherwise be difficult to accomplish. In vitro continuous culture of the protistan Perkinsus atlanticus from carpet-shell clam was established and variables including culture medium, inoculum size, temperature and salinity, which affect parasite proliferation, were studied. This parasite can adapt to very different culture media and salinity and temperature conditions, and the inoculum density does not affect the final cellular concentration attained in vitro. The morphology of cultured P. atlanticus is described and its optimum in vitro growth conditions were compared with those for P. marinus, a parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Cryopreservation of cultured P. atlanticus was developed to assure the long-term storage of this parasite.The work was partially funded by CICYT (Spain, Acción especial MAR 95-1862-E). M.C.O. thanks Xunta de Galicia for a research fellowship.Peer reviewe

El uso de SIG de software libre en una práctica de Biología y Geología de 4º de ESO: los ecosistemas.

Para consolidar el conocimiento del bloque del currículo de Biología y Geología de 4º de la E.S.O. (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria) relacionado con los ecosistemas, hemos desarrollado una metodología docente basada en los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), en la que el objetivo de los estudiantes es crear un shapefile con atributos espaciales e información ecológica sobre los distintos Parques Nacionales de España mediante su digitalización. Se ejemplifica con el procedimiento concreto del Parque Nacional de Doñana. A través del SIG, con un software gratuito para el centro, se aumenta la interactividad del estudiante con la asignatura, se desarrolla la creatividad y se mejora la capacidad de comprender el espacio, mejorando el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.To consolidate the knowledge curriculum of thematic Block of the 4th year of Biology and Geology of the Spanish Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (E.S.O.), related with the ecosystems, we have developed a teaching methodology based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The students aim is to make a shapefile with space attributes and ecological information about the National Parks of Spain by its digitalization. We have given an example of Doñana National Park (Andalucia). Through the use of GIS and a kind of software with no additional charge to the school, student interactivity with the subject is increased, creativity is developed and their ability to understand space is improved. These skills are very useful for the teaching-learning proces

Cell mediated immune response of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus after PAMPs stimulation

9 páginas, 5 figuras, 1 tablaThe Mediterranean sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) is of great ecological and economic importance for the European aquaculture. Yet, most of the studies regarding echinoderm's immunological defense mechanisms reported so far have used the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus as a model, and information on the immunological defense mechanisms of Paracentrotus lividus and other sea urchins, is scarce. To remedy this gap in information, in this study, flow cytometry was used to evaluate several cellular immune mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, cell cooperation, and ROS production in P. lividus coelomocytes after PAMP stimulation. Two cell populations were described. Of the two, the amoeboid-phagocytes were responsible for the phagocytosis and ROS production. Cooperation between amoeboid-phagocytes and non-adherent cells resulted in an increased phagocytic response. Stimulation with several PAMPs modified the phagocytic activity and the production of ROS. The premise that the coelomocytes were activated by the bacterial components was confirmed by the expression levels of two cell mediated immune genes: LPS-Induced TNF-alpha Factor (LITAF) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). These results have helped us understand the cellular immune mechanisms in P. lividus and their modulation after PAMP stimulationThis work has been funded by the National Project A/026000/09AECID, 2010–2012 “Respuesta inmune de invertebrados marinos”Peer reviewe

The causal factors of international inequality in CO2 emissions per capita : a regression-based inequality Decomposition Analysis

This paper uses the possibilities provided by the regression-based inequality decomposition (Fields in Res Labor Econ 22:1-38, 2003) to explore the contribution of different explanatory factors to international inequality in CO 2 emissions per capita. In contrast to previous emissions inequality decompositions, which were based on identity relationships, this methodology does not impose any a priori specific relationship. Thus, it allows an assessment of the contribution to inequality of different relevant variables. In short, the paper appraises the relative contributions of affluence, sectoral composition, demographic factors and climate. The analysis is applied to selected years of the period 1993-2007. The results show the important (though decreasing) share of the contribution of demographic factors, as well as a significant contribution of affluence and sectoral composition

Empirics of the International Inequality in CO2 Emissions Intensity : Explanatory Factors According to Complementary Decomposition Methodologies

The authors acknowledge support from XREAP (DGR)This paper analyses the international inequalities in (Formula presented.) emissions intensity for the period 1971-2009 and assesses explanatory factors. Group, additive and multiplicative methodologies of inequality decomposition are employed. The first allows us to understand the role of regional groups; the second allows us to investigate the role of different fossil energy sources (coal, oil and gas); and the third allows us to clarify the separated role of the carbonisation index and the energy intensity in the pattern observed for inequalities in (Formula presented.) intensities. The results show that, first, the reduction in global emissions intensity has coincided with a significant reduction in international inequality. Second, the bulk of this inequality and its reduction are attributed to differences between the groups of countries considered. Third, coal is the main energy source explaining these inequalities, although the growth in the relative contribution of gas is also remarkable. Fourth, the bulk of inequalities between countries and its decline are explained by differences in energy intensities, although there are significant differences in the patterns demonstrated by different groups of countries. The policy implications of these results are discussed

Evaluation of immunomodulatory effects of lactic acid bacteria in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

7 pages, 4 figures.In the present work, the effects of several lactic acid bacteria on the immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) macrophages have been studied both in vitro and in vivo. Out of six lactic acid bacterial strains tested, only heat-killed Lactococcus lactis significantly increased the turbot head kidney macrophage chemiluminescent (CL) response after 24 h of incubation. Nitric oxide (NO) was also significantly enhanced by this bacterium after 72 h of incubation with either viable (103 and 106 cells/ml) or heat-killed (106 cells/ml) bacteria. Viable Leuconostoc mesenteroides (106 cells/ml) was also capable of significantly increasing NO production. Since L. lactis proved to be the strain with more effects on the host immune function, further in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted with this bacterium. The in vitro capacity of L. lactis to adhere to turbot intestinal mucus was positively confirmed. When orally administered, L. lactis significantly increased the macrophage CL response and the serum NO concentration after 7 days of daily administration. The antibacterial effect of the extracellular products from the six LAB strains against the fish-pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum was also demonstrated in vitro.This work was partially supported by the project 1FD97-0044-C03-03 from FEDER funds and a grant from Caixa Galicia (Spain). L. Villamil acknowledges the University of Vigo for a research fellowship. C. Tafalla acknowledges the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) for a research fellowship.Peer reviewe

Extending Immunological Profiling in the Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata, by Enriched cDNA Library Analysis, Microarray Design and Initial Studies upon the Inflammatory Response to PAMPs

21 páginas, 7 figuras, 3 tablas.-- Sebastian Boltaña ... et al.-- This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) licenseThis study describes the development and validation of an enriched oligonucleotide-microarray platform for Sparus aurata (SAQ) to provide a platform for transcriptomic studies in this species. A transcriptome database was constructed by assembly of gilthead sea bream sequences derived from public repositories of mRNA together with reads from a large collection of expressed sequence tags (EST) from two extensive targeted cDNA libraries characterizing mRNA transcripts regulated by both bacterial and viral challenge. The developed microarray was further validated by analysing monocyte/macrophage activation profiles after challenge with two Gram-negative bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PGN)). Of the approximately 10,000 EST sequenced, we obtained a total of 6837 EST longer than 100 nt, with 3778 and 3059 EST obtained from the bacterial-primed and from the viral-primed cDNA libraries, respectively. Functional classification of contigs from the bacterial- and viral-primed cDNA libraries by Gene Ontology (GO) showed that the top five represented categories were equally represented in the two libraries: metabolism (approximately 24% of the total number of contigs), carrier proteins/membrane transport (approximately 15%), effectors/modulators and cell communication (approximately 11%), nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism (approximately 7.5%) and intracellular transducers/signal transduction (approximately 5%). Transcriptome analyses using this enriched oligonucleotide platform identified differential shifts in the response to PGN and LPS in macrophage-like cells, highlighting responsive gene-cassettes tightly related to PAMP host recognition. As observed in other fish species, PGN is a powerful activator of the inflammatory response in S. aurata macrophage-like cells. We have developed and validated an oligonucleotide microarray (SAQ) that provides a platform enriched for the study of gene expression in S. aurata with an emphasis upon immunity and the immune responseThis study was supported by the Consolider-Ingenio Programme 2010, project CSD2007-0002 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, Spain to SM, and FONDAP (15110027) and FONDECYT 1150585 awarded by CONICYT-Chile to Sebastian BoltañaWe acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).This study was supported by the Consolider-Ingenio Programme 2010, project CSD2007-0002 funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, Spain to SM, and FONDAP (15110027) and FONDECYT 1150585 awarded by CONICYT-Chile to Sebastian Boltaña.Peer reviewe